Diabetes is one of the most common diseases faced by people from different parts of the world and age does not really matter.
According to statistics, there are about 250 million people suffering from one form or another.The actual number of patients exceeds the official number because many people are unaware of existing violations.
Most children suffer from a disease whose manifestations cannot always be detected in time due to mild symptoms.
Due to negligence, the patient does not go to an endocrinologist to identify the problem and make a diagnosis.
To avoid an unpleasant situation, you need to study in detail the meaning of diabetes, factors affecting its development, symptoms and treatment methods.
What is diabetes?
This pathology is characterized by an insufficient amount of insulin in the body, which is a peptide hormone concentrated in the cells of the pancreas.Diabetes is manifested in the form of a large number of diseases associated with damage to the endocrine system.There is active production of glucose in the blood, the amount of which also increases in the urine and instability in metabolism occurs.
If we consider the deviations that occur in the body, we see:
- The internal organs are supplied with glucose and if it is not supplied in sufficient quantity, starvation will occur.This occurs because the amount of insulin produced by pancreatic cells is low or absent.When the movement of sugar accumulated in the blood stops, further metabolism does not take place;
- cells responsible for hormone transport and glucose assimilation at some point become immune and do not react in any way to a substance that has been administered so as not to undergo changes;
- Sugar is not converted into nutrients, causing the body to starve, and at the same time, a lot of glucose enters the bloodstream, causing negative effects on cells;
- The degree of damage to the endocrine system depends on the severity of the disease and timely treatment;
- It is easier to solve the problem at an early stage, but many patients come to the doctor much later, which negatively affects the implementation of treatment measures.
Many doctors talk about diabetes not being a disease, they agree on the cause of the problem and it lies in an incorrect lifestyle.
You will be able to protect yourself from negative consequences if you adjust your work and rest schedule, follow your doctor's recommendations, and monitor your health and blood sugar levels.
When nothing is done, there is a risk of harm to all organs.In severe cases, patients are at risk of falling into a coma due to serious complications.It is important, even if there are minor deviations, to make an appointment to see your doctor on time.
Types 1 and 2 diabetes
There is a classification of diseases that allows you to distinguish between types, each of which has specific characteristics.
We're talking about things like:
- first type, called juvenile, is detected in patients who are teenagers or older.The disease is transmitted mainly to children from relatives.Beta cells undergo changes that negatively affect their structure.Insulin is produced in very small quantities, not enough for the victim's normal life.About 10% face problems that are largely autoimmune in origin.Sometimes the cause of the disease is an attack of pancreatitis or pancreatic necrosis. The patient survives but the pancreas eventually loses its original properties.Circumstances do not change over time, they exist until the end of life;
- second type– due to impaired metabolism, hormones stop being produced in the necessary quantities, causing a relative lack of insulin.Beta cells stop working steadily;due to the pathological process, they cannot perform the functions prescribed by the body - producing the necessary substance and reducing the amount of glucose in the blood.
Gestational diabetes in women occurs in pregnant women whose serum glucose levels exceed normal levels.One cannot ignore the detected deviations, since inaction will lead to negative effects on the fetus.It is possible to recover from the disease after childbirth, but disorders related to the absorption of this organic compound can also occur in women who do not initially complain of poor health.
There are other types when the situation develops negatively due to the use of drugs, instability of the endocrine system, pancreatic dysfunction, etc.
Symptoms of type 1 and 2 diabetes
The first type has a chronic, transient form and quickly passes from the initial stage to a more severe stage, which occurs due to the adverse effects of various factors.
Special features include:
- sudden weight loss;
- urinary incontinence at night, more common in children;
- impairment of the visual apparatus;
- dry skin and mucous membranes;
- lack of moisture in the oral cavity even when water balance is maintained;
- Thirst stimulates drinking water in large quantities, exceeding 10 liters;
- itching and pus formation on the skin;
- frequency of urination, abundance of urine;
- uncontrolled contraction of the muscles of the lower limbs;
- vomiting and nausea - the feeling of relief after emptying the stomach is only temporary;
- uncomfortable;
- loss of strength, inability to participate in work for a long time;
- increased appetite;
- The desire to eat does not stop after a short time.
One complication is hyperglycemia - increased glucose levels, which can be fatal.Worsening of the condition, presenting with minimal or no hair on the legs, cannot be ruled out.
The appearance of benign yellow masses in tendons, on the mucous membranes of internal organs and skin.Inflammation can be observed on the surface of the genital organs in both men and women.Bones become fragile and susceptible to negative external influences.As for immunity, it practically loses its protective properties.
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes have some similarities, however, there are symptoms that help you determine which type you have.The following signs are identified:
- Wounds heal slowly;
- infection of the epidermis;
- feeling of thirst;
- frequent urination, forcing you to go to the bathroom day and night;
- exhaustion, slow reactions, sleep disorders;
- dry mucous membranes;
- numbness and tingling in the limbs;
- increased appetite due to pathological leptin synthesis;
- dry mouth, must drink about 3-5 liters a day;
- itching in the groin area - confusion occurs, which makes you contact a gynecologist or dermatologist instead of an endocrinologist;
- hungry 1-2 hours after eating;
- swelling in the face and legs;
- enuresis in childhood, manifested at night;
- high blood pressure;
- headache and dizziness.
Symptoms occur when glucose levels exceed permissible levels, which can be easily identified by the appearance of sugar in the urine.
Pathogenesis of the disease
Factors that provoke the occurrence of diabetes have been identified.Among them are:
- genetics – the risk of the disease first appearing in the child increases if the parents have the same diagnosis;
- overweight – 80-90% of patients are overweight due to adipose tissue not being able to use insulin as intended.Newborns should weigh 2.5-3.5 kg;If the indicators increase, an endocrinologist needs to conduct an examination;
- viruses - cause abnormalities of the pancreas, therefore, due to previous diseases in the child with rubella, measles, chickenpox, they can lead to the death of cells in the digestive system;
- age-related changes;
- Frequent stressful situations;
- Unhealthy lifestyle and poor diet - a body mass index above 30 complicates the situation leading to insulin resistance, the likelihood of this increases by 2 times.Indices of 35 or higher indicate a 100% chance of developing diabetes;
- Fat accumulates around the abdomen;
- disruption of the pancreas for many reasons, including organ damage;
- Pathological processes in the endocrine system occur due to acromegaly, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, etc.
The main factors responsible for the deterioration of the condition are listed;they can have a one-time impact, thereby increasing the threat.Perfectly healthy people are at risk and should see a doctor.
Sugar intake after and before meals
On an empty stomach, glucose levels are low, usually at 3.4-5.5 mmol/l.In diabetics, the indicators exceed the specified values and are calculated as follows:
- the first type – up to 9.3 mmol/l;
- the second type – 8.5 mmol/l.
After eating, metabolism is activated, due to which glucose is released.How much the level of an organic compound will increase depends on the ability to assimilate it.In fact, the test is not performed on a full stomach.The most accurate information will be obtained 1-3 hours after meals.
Normal blood sugar levels for diabetes in women, men, and children over 12 years old are:
- after 1 hour – up to 8.6-8.9;
- after 2 hours – up to 7.0-7.2;
- after 3 hours – up to 5.8-5.9.
For patients with type 1 diabetes during the same period:
- up to 11;
- up to 10-10.3;
- up to 7.5.
If you have type 2 diabetes:
- 9.0;
- 8.7;
- 7.5.
After three or more hours, glucose levels continue to decrease until they return to normal.
What are the stages of diabetes?
The classification is based on the level of development of carbohydrate metabolism diseases, thereby dividing into the following stages:
- compensation– manages to achieve glucose content according to natural indicators;
- secondary compensation– sometimes the volume of the substance increases;
- decompensation– Lack of response to insulin, difficult to carry out treatment.
The disease is classified according to its severity;Three forms are known.Among them are:
- light– improvement of the condition occurs due to the choice of appropriate diet and regimen.Positive effects are clearly seen when following a diet, while the use of hypoglycemic drugs will bring double benefits.The possibility of transitioning from one stage to another is minimized;
- medium– You cannot do anything without taking medication that reduces sugar levels in the body.They are used continuously but do not protect against vascular disease;
- heavy– Do not interrupt the use of hypoglycemic drugs and insulin, which are sometimes used without combination with other drugs.There is a risk of developing encephalopathy, neuropathy and vascular pathology.
Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Besides the fact that type 2 diabetes has the ICD-10 code E11 and type 1 diabetes has the code E10, it is important to familiarize yourself with the other distinguishing features of these varieties to have an idea of each type and be able to identify the type of disease based on its characteristics.
| Features | First type | Second type |
|---|---|---|
| Period | Fall, winter, spring | Not noted |
| Case (%) | 10-20% | 80-90% |
| Sex | More often than men | More often than women |
| Year old | Up to 40 years old | Children, adults over 40 years old |
| weight | Standard or reduced | Add kg |
| Develop | fleeting | Slow, does not appear brilliant |
| Blood vessel abnormalities | Mostly small | Mostly large |
| Cell sensitivity to insulin | Have | Short |
| Antibodies to insulin and beta cells | Have | Are not |
| therapy | insulin | Diet, hypoglycemic drugs, insulin (in later stages) |
Diagnosis of disease
Before you find a way to treat diabetes, a blood sugar test will be performed, which is the main way to calculate current and daily blood sugar levels.
Additional diagnostic measures include polyuria, polyuria measurements, excess body weight, or significant weight loss.The following also applies:
- supersonic;
- identification of pathological insulin;
- electrocardiogram – study of the heart's electrical field;
- Rehberg test - evaluates kidney condition;
- biochemical blood test;
- Bottom research.
Based on the information received, a clinical picture will appear, after which a treatment technique will be proposed.
Class 1 drugs
The main remedy is insulin, but in addition, doctors also prescribe pills to help deal with glucose metabolism disorders, which, combined with obesity, make the condition worse.
We are talking about drugs of the biguanide group, which help reduce the acute need for insulin and also alleviate the patient's condition.
Insulin lispro
An insulin analogue produced in the human body that acts quickly – 15 minutes after injection.Glucose metabolism is controlled and anti-catabolic and anabolic effects appear on tissues.
This drug turned out to be the best drug in the list of similar drugs;per day, sugar levels decreased by 22% and blood glucose profiles improved.
Insulin glulisine
An alternative to human insulin that works faster but results do not last as long.
Used on an empty stomach or after meals, this substance enters the body through injection.The duration of the course and dosage are established taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient.
Insulin aspart
A hypoglycemic agent of the latest generation, which works to regulate blood sugar levels.There are slight differences compared to human hormones, which allow results to appear faster.After use, you are allowed to start eatinge, because there is no need to rest.
At night, hypoglycemia occurs much easier, glucose levels return to normal.Due to its strong effect, increasing the dose can be avoided.
Medicine for the second type
This species is not as rare as the first one so more drugs have been developed to solve the problem.
Biguanide
It has a hypoglycemic effect, reduces blood glucose levels and does not stimulate insulin production.
Lose weight, reduce cholesterol, lipoproteins and triglycerides.In the initial stages of treatment, take 2-3 tablets per day, divided into 2-3 doses, otherwise indigestion will occur.
Maximum quantity is 6 tablets taken in three doses.The dose is gradually increased if there are no complications.Children over 10 years old and adolescents will need 1 tablet per day, after two weeks the dosage will be changed.It is not allowed to exceed the course of treatment, which includes the use of 4 tablets per day, divided into three times.
Exenatide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist
It is administered using a syringe designed to perform the procedure at home.
There is a similar hormone produced in the digestive tract, which functions to release a substance when food enters.
Insulin begins to be actively produced because it has a beneficial effect on the pancreas, which is responsible for creating this substance.
Liraglutide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist
A formula has been invented to prolong the effect.
Course – 1 time per day 1 hour before meals.
It is necessary to do it simultaneously, this will ensure the functioning of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.
Sitagliptin-based DPP-4 inhibitor
Tablets are used before or after meals, you just need to adhere to a certain time frame.
You will need 100 mg for 1 daily dose.
Can be used both as a separate drug and in combination with other drugs.
Saxagliptin-based DPP-4 inhibitor
Included in the category of DPP-4 inhibitors, suitable for combination therapy and monotherapy.
Type 1 diabetes becomes a complication, requiring insulin injections after meals.
Vildagliptin-based DPP-4 inhibitor
Needed once a day, the required dosage is 50 mg, the timing of the meal does not matter.
The results last throughout the day, while the negative effects of the drug gradually decrease.
How to monitor your glucose levels
Patients must independently monitor sugar levels.For these purposes, you should keep a diary to record important notes.You will need to regularly check your blood sugar levels with a glucometer;You should not eat before observing;You should measure in the morning before and after meals.Based on the data obtained, diet and lifestyle are adjusted to bring the indicators back to normal.However, you will still have to have the tests done at an outpatient clinic, which provides more reliable information.
Prescription documents
A system has been developed that allows people who need it to receive free insulin.The doctor writes a prescription for the patient. Before receiving the prescription, he must present the following list of documents:
- ID card;
- health insurance;
- personal insurance contract;
- documents confirming disability;
- a document confirming that the patient has not refused the social package.
Diet for diabetes
An approximate diet for a week has been compiled, which will alleviate the patient's condition.
Type 2 diabetes what you can eat is shown in the table that outlines the diet for the week.
| Breakfast | Second breakfast | Lunch | Afternoon snack | Dinner | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 day | Buckwheat, cheese, 1% fat milk | Glass of milk | Cabbage soup, boiled meat, fruit jelly | Two apples | Cabbage schnitzel, boiled fish, tea |
| Day 2 | Barley porridge, soft boiled eggs, cabbage salad | Glass of milk | Mashed potatoes, pickles, boiled beef liver, dried fruit jam | Fruit jelly | A piece of boiled chicken, stewed cabbage, tea.Kefir before going to bed |
| Day 3 | Cheese with milk, oatmeal, coffee | kiss | Borscht without meat, boiled chicken, buckwheat porridge | Two pears | Sauce, eggs, tea.Yogurt before going to bed |
| 4 days | Buckwheat, cheese, coffee | kefir | Cabbage soup, boiled lean meat, stew | 1-2 pears | Breast meat, boiled fish, tea |
| 5 days | Sauce without potatoes with 1 tsp.vegetable oil, eggs, coffee, slices of rye bread with butter | Two apples | Sauerkraut stew, bean soup | fresh fruit | Boiled chicken, vegetable pudding, tea.Yogurt before going to bed |
| Day 6 | Stewed meat, millet porridge, coffee | Wheat bran decoction | Boiled meat, fish soup, lean mashed potatoes | kefir | Oatmeal, cheese, milk, apple |
| Day 7 | Buckwheat, hard-boiled eggs | Two apples | Beef cutlet, tapioca pearls, vegetable soup | Milk | Boiled fish, steamed potatoes, vegetable salad, tea.Kefir before going to bed. |
Natural medicine
Treatment of diabetes with folk remedies is considered a way to eliminate this disease, so some of the most effective recipes are considered.
Specifically:
- Pour 1 liter of boiled water into the jar, add 100 g of cinnamon powder, stir well, add 200 g of honey.Let it brew for 3 hours in a cool place.Course – 3 times a day;
- Bodhi flowers 1 tbsp.I.Pour 1 glass of boiling water, the decoction can replace black tea;
- Put 300 g of peeled garlic and the same amount of parsley root, 100 g of lemon peel in a meat grinder.Put the blended ingredients into a jar, close the lid and leave in a dry, dark place for 2 weeks.Take 1 teaspoon.2 times a day;
- grind dry walnut leaves, choose 1 tbsp.l., pour ½ l of filtered water.Cook for about 15 minutes, then remove from heat and leave in a dry place for 1 hour.Filter the water and drink ½ cup 3 times a day.
Before use, you should consult your doctor to avoid complications.
Sports and physical education
A lot of glucose is burned through physical activity, metabolism and cardiovascular system activity are also stabilized, so it is important to perform at least simple exercises every day.
Overvoltage is not allowed as there will be negative consequences.Increased appetite forces you to consume large amounts of food, due to which previous efforts will lose their meaning.
When fatigue and stress occur, adrenal hormones are released, then glucose levels increase.
The best options to achieve excellent results are morning exercises, exercises with weights, walking, jogging, cycling, swimming.
Prognosis of type 1 and 2 diabetes
If you let the disease enter the decompensation stage, it will be impossible to eliminate the problem because the body's resources are significantly reduced.
In the early stages, it is always easier to fight the disease than in severe cases.By choosing the most effective treatment, the patient's condition will ease, thereby prolonging life.The situation can be improved through a healthy lifestyle and physical activity.